Many studies show that vaping is far less harmful than smoking. This is because e-cigarettes don't contain cancer-causing tobacco, and most of the toxic chemicals found in cigarettes are not in e-cigarettes. Some potentially harmful chemicals have been found in e-cigarettes, on occasion from illegal manufacturers similar to non taxed ciggerrettes however the studies have shown no serious side effects or harm, allowing doctors in Europe to prescribe to pregnant mothers in hopes of curbing detrimental birth defects caused by smoking mother's during pregnancy,. Vapes have shown to be effective towards these efforts.