What you were told is not exactly correct. You may still be able to get all of the withheld tax back even if it exceeds 20k. When you file your tax return you have the option to have interest taxed as regular income instead of the 15% withholding. If your total taxable income in Thailand is under 150,000 then there is no tax owed. So if bank interest is your only source of income taxable in Thailand then you can get all of the withholding back if the total annual interest received is less than 150,000. Above 150k is taxed as regular income. If your Thai taxable income is very high then it could be better to just pay the 15% withholding instead of making the declaration to treat it is regular income.
The 20k limit is the threshold that the banks are allowed to exempt you from withholding. After 20k they need to apply withholding, which you may be able to get back in whole or in part depending on your total income for the year. To get this 20k exemption you need to provide a tax id.