Bhutan political prisoner dies in detention

Sha Bahadur Gurung, 65, was sentenced to life imprisonment in 1990

24 December 2025

Nepali Times

https://nepalitimes.com/news/bhutan-political-prisoner-dies-in-detention

Sha Bahadur Gurung was 30 years old when he was arrested for participating in a peaceful protest. He died aged 65 last week in Bhutan’s Chamgang Central Prison.

He was among 31 prisoners of conscience in Bhutan, many of whom are serving long sentences for opposing the regime’s forcible expulsion of 100,000 of its Lhotsampa people in the early 1990s.

‘Mr Gurung died on 15 December in his prison cell under circumstances that raise serious concerns about custodial negligence and long-term abuse,” said a statement by the Global Campaign for the Release of Political Prisoners in Bhutan (GCRPPB) based in The Hague which demanded an external probe, justice and release of remaining political prisoners.

Gurung was from Chirang and was arrested in 1990 while serving in the Royal Bhutan Army, and accused of having sympathies for the Lhotsampa people. He was mostly held at the notorious Rabuna Prison in Wangdi Phodrang District. 

Gurung’s relatives in the United States said he had endured prolonged physical and psychological abuse during his imprisonment, and repeatedly subjected to torture and inhumane treatment. They believe the decades of ill-treatment had damaged his health, ultimately leading to his death.

Earlier this month, Gurung was transferred from Rabuna to Chamgang Central Prison. On 14 December. He had gone to bed after dinner without any visible sign of distress. He was found unconscious in his cell the next morning. 

Sha Bahadur Gurung, who died at age 65 in prison in Bhutan after serving 30 years for expressing political opinion.

He was referred to a hospital in Thimphu, suggesting that he was still alive during transfer to a local health post. But it appears that he had already died before being taken from prison.

Gurung’s death occurred two days before Bhutan’s National Day on 17 December, when families, supporters, and human rights advocates worldwide had hoped for the release of political prisoners through a royal amnesty. Instead, the death of one of the longest-serving political prisoners has caused grief and anger in the Bhutanese diaspora. 

“We strongly condemn the treatment and death of Gurung, a peaceful and justice-loving Bhutanese citizen,” the V statement said. ‘This tragedy raises serious questions about the treatment of political prisoners in Bhutan and stands in stark contrast to the country’s international image under the principles of Gross National Happiness, compassion, and mindfulness.’

Earlier this year, The United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention said the Bhutan government was detaining citizens without parole for expressing political opinion. The New York-based Human Rights Watch (HRW) said in 2023 that there were least 37 political prisoners in Bhutan’s jails. Of them, 32 belong to the Nepali-speaking Lhotshampa community, which has faced decades of discrimination and abuse and eviction. Most of them were convicted because of prohibited political activity between 1990 and 2008.

One political prisoner, Madhukar Monger, who was released in 2023 after serving 29 years described brutal conditions in Bhutan's jails. Political prisoners were not given enough food, and medical care, he said, urging the internaitoonal community to press for the release of prisoners of conscience. 

In March, Meenakshi Ganguly, Deputy Asia director at Human Rights Watch, urged Bhutan’s international partners to call on the Bhutan government to release all remaining political prisoners immediately.

In addition, Bhutan has expelled ethnic Nepalis into refugee camps in eastern Nepal.

In 1991, at the request of government of Nepal, the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) established refugee camps to meet the growing needs of the people pouring into Nepal from Bhutan.

They established seven Bhutanese refugee camps located in the south eastern lowlands of Nepal, in the districts of Jhapa and Morang.  The camp population grew from 80,000 in 1992 to 108,000 in 2007. 

In 2007, a programme to re-settle Bhutanese refugees in third countries was agreed.  Refugees from the camps started to be re-settled from 2008 and the camp populations decreased.  In 2015, just two camps remained and the refugee population stood at less than 18,000 people.  As resettlement reaches its end, it is estimated that around 10-12,000 refugees will remain in the camps.

When first established in the early 1990s the Bhutanese refugee camps were hailed by the UNHCR as models of good practice.  From the beginning, high levels of participation from the refugee community meant that an effective infrastructure was put in place. The education system and general living conditions were seen as some of the best for refugee camps around the world.

However, as the Bhutanese refugee situation became more protracted, standards in the camps worsened.

A combination of donor fatigue, which resulted in budget cuts, and the exodus of the young and the educated, who went to seek work and opportunities outside the camps, meant that the living conditions dropped dramatically in the years leading up to the start of the resettlement process.

I guess gross national happiness didn't apply here.

31 minutes ago, blaze master said:

I guess gross national happiness didn't apply here.

I guess it's Orwellian Doublespeak.

Honestly, there are political prisoners in every country. They rarely hit the news because...well, that's the point--to suppress dissident voices. I pointed to Bhutan simply because this has never been reported on before. Just look at the sentences! For speaking out, not for throwing bombs.

Thailand, too, has enormous sentences for free expression. Cases are held in camera, sometimes even defendants' lawyers are not permitted to attend. Hunger strikers are allowed to die. Medical care & nutrition in Thai prisons is appalling. Almost all of our political prisoners are young people. They could be our children.

I am very tempted to say that all prisoners are political prisoners. Genuine crimes--not political crimes--arise from social conditions. If govts spent even half the amount they spend on wars, for example, we could cure that.

Prison is really only suitable for violent offenders. Even in that case, separation from society in the punishment and every effort should be made at rehabilitation.