The Taliban is approaching five years in power facing a challenge it has struggled to eliminate: armed opposition. A brief loss of control over a district centre in north-eastern Afghanistan, followed by a fresh call for nationwide attacks, has raised questions over whether resistance could become more dangerous. A district falls — and a warning is sent In July, Taliban forces temporarily lost control of the Yaftal-e Payeen district capital in Badakhshan. Although the setback was short-lived, it was the first reported loss of a district centre since the Taliban seized power in August 2021. Reports from Badakhshan also pointed to clashes within Taliban ranks and deadly attacks on senior officials. The developments have fuelled debate over whether scattered resistance could eventually develop into a more serious threat. Former general orders fighters into action On 2 August, former Afghan army general Sami Sadat announced he had ordered United Front forces to begin military operations against the Taliban nationwide. Other groups, including the National Resistance Front led by Ahmad Shah Massoud’s son, have fought the regime since its return to power. The insurgents have so far failed to seriously threaten the Taliban’s grip on Afghanistan. But former Afghan Interior Minister Mohammad Umer Daudzai said both political and military opposition had taken shape as the fifth anniversary approaches. Islamic State adds another layer of danger The Taliban’s security narrative is also being tested by Islamic State-Khorasan, which remains capable of striking high-profile targets. The group has claimed attacks including a Kabul bombing that killed senior Taliban official Khalil Ur-Rahman Haqqani in December 2024. Critics warn that the Taliban’s rigid rule, including restrictions on women and political activity, could deepen opposition. Former defence minister Shahmohammad Miakhel said continued repression could create conditions for armed rebellion and foreign interference — potentially reopening the door to proxy conflict. Pakistan feud threatens to widen the battlefield The most serious pressure may come from beyond Afghanistan’s borders. Taliban-Pakistan relations have deteriorated sharply, with both sides accusing the other of harbouring hostile militants. The Taliban has alleged Pakistan is supporting Afghan insurgents, but spokesman Zabihullah Mujahid provided no evidence when challenged. Pakistan, meanwhile, accuses the Taliban of sheltering Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan militants. With diplomacy strained and cross-border violence rising, Afghanistan risks becoming a battleground not just between the Taliban and its enemies, but between competing regional powers. Taliban pressured by insurgents after 5 years in power
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