I'd like to purchase a savings vehicle like we have in the US - a certificate of deposit. For example: deposit $10,000 for one year and earn a fixed interest rate with no risk of losing my principle.

In the US, those type CDs pay less than 1%. Do they have a similar product in Thailand? What kind of rates are offered now? What are they called? What Banks have them.

Use the Thaivisa forum search top right this page to find many prior threads on this topic. Just use the words "term deposit" initially and see what threads you uncover.

Most Thai banks offer term deposit accounts. While the rates offered clearly vary from week to week, prior discussion threads will provide you with examples plus some of the things to watch out for.