You'll need to go back twice. There would probably be about 2 weeks between first time, making appointment, and going for actual renewal.
On the day of appointment you'd go to same counter to confirm appointment, before sending you to 2nd floor, where you'll get the queue (might be possible to just skip the counter and go straight to 2nd floor - didn't try). There you'll get documents checked and a form checked that all information is correct. Sign, and go another floor up for physical check. There could be some waiting but once inside the room, it's 10 min to complete all, get all stamps and signatures and back to 2nd floor to wait your queue. The photo is taken there and license issued. In total it took about 45 minutes, if I remember correctly, from walking into building to walking out with license in hand. I was 20 min early for appointment but was accepted immediately, so it's not like you have to wait for the queue on appointment date.
But on same date? Not terribly likely. There was a French accent foreigners arguing with the counter on ground floor that he needs license immediately as the old one expires the next day, and I was listening to that for about 15 minutes while waiting for my queue, but officer had no sympathy for him at all. He was still holding everyone else up and arguing by the time I've left. Others just took appointment 2 weeks later.
PS: I went to Bang Chak first, as that's where I got my 2 year license issued, and after making appointment for 6 months later, I was told I should actually go to Chatuchak as my address is outside their area. Great they didn't accept me,... in retrospect.
Hope this helps.