I encounter a similar problem with Capital One credit card yesterday.
My new card has a "tap and pay" feature.
So when I tried to book a flight on Agoda,, when it came time to pay with the card, it told me to tap my card on my smart phone that is listed with my card account.
The smart phone number is a friends in the U.S. My card is here and my friends phone is in California.
No way to pay for the plane ticket using my credit card from here.
I called Capital One and they told me that the 2 step verification could NOT be turned off, or changed to sending me an email instead.
No, they will not allow a phone number from another country.