SamuiGrower

And, when crossing/hybridizing C. Ruderalis (autoflowers), the dominant autoflower trait (day neutral flowering) becomes recessive, appearing in only 25% of the crosses (autoflower x autoflower). If crossing with a photoperiod plant, the autoflower trait (day neutral) is lost. It essentially takes 5-6 crosses to stabilize the autoflowering trait. Autoflower strains are extremely fickle and unpredictable in the best of environments. The slightest bit of stress and they will flower unpredictably with minimal yields.

Any type of leafhopper is not welcome around cannabis (especially in a tent) and is NOT harmless, katydids included. They are herbivores and eat leaves, not other predatory insects, and should not be there. Cannabis thrips do NOT eat fungus. They are not beneficial and are the bane of any cannabis grower. A thrip infestation can be above and below the substrate and can devastate a crop - especially in flower. “Lost Coast” is predominantly soybean oil, peppermint oil, a little citric acid and isopropyl. It acts the same way as neem oil by smothering soft body insects. The best way to use Lost Coast, neem oil and potassium salts of fatty acids (Insecticidal soap) is as a preventative IPM during vegetative growth. Once cannabis is in flower (post week F3) there is very little you can do. Use of Lost Coast, Neem oil and insecticidal soap will show little results after you have a problem. i agree with the post that it is unlikely you had septoria. Likely powdery mildew, grey mold, fusarium, pythium etc. The bad news: you are responsible for your thrip and fungus situation (as well as visiting leafhoppers) through poor management. The entire idea of tent growing is the same as CEA (controlled environment agriculture) - a relative sealed environment where YOU control the heat, humidity, air movement, light cycles, IPM and general plant husbandry. Leaving doors open, screens, and your tent(s) open to the environment obviously invites the results you are experiencing. My advice: Seal your tents from the outdoor environment. Use Lost Coast, Neem, Insecticidal Soap as a preventative spray (IPM) once a week during vegetative growth and the first week of flipping to flower. Place a small space heater on a thermostat during cool nights, warm days. It also knocks down humidity at night. More air movement keeps sporulation of PM, septoria, fusarium and pythium from setting in. Incorporate a silica product, increase calcium and increase air movement in a clean growing environment and your plants will naturally ward off predatory (soft body) insects and molds.

Decarboxylation, conversion from THCa to THC, the psychoactive form, begins after harvest, from drying onwards. Drying and curing (without heat) is a slow, natural, linear process of decrboxylation. It is not necessary to cure your flower for extraction. Curing, furthers decarboxylation but should be considered more for flavor development by degradation/conversion of chlorophyll, sugars and starches. What is critical though, is thorough drying of your flower before decarboxylation for efficient conversion. A good friable, milled flower should be your starting point.

If you have pre-existing medical conditions, especially heart related, the best advice you can get would come from a medical doctor. Your arrhythmia should be of great concern. The medication you are taking, Flecanide (Tambocor) regulates your heart rhythm. Cannabis directly effects: heart rhythm (cardiovascular effects), increasing heart rate (tachycardia) and blood pressure (increasing and decreasing). Combining cannabis and your heart meds can increase your risk of adverse events. Both Flecanide (Tambocor) and cannabis are processed through the liver enzyme system (P450). Cannabis can influence the metabolism of that drug that can alter enzyme absorption leading to either toxicity or sub-therapeutic effects of your heart meds. The Imatnib you are taking works directly with enzyme P450 functions and can have some nasty side effects (the least of your worries) in conjunction with cannabis and Flecanide. My PSA to you (and others), if you have medical issues, is seek qualified medical advice when considering cannabis use for any consideration.

Thanks @stoner. I’ve said a few words on the subject as an anti-hero, in an industry that I am a staunch advocate of in all ways except for lies. We are at an ‘event horizon’ with cannabis; research dollars are pouring in everyday, in both public and private partnerships. Soon enough we will understand all the pharmacokinetics of all the cannabinoids and secondary metabolites of cannabis. BUT until then… …The science does not support the internet/social media claims at present. The claims range from the sublime to the ridiculous, and I explain all the whys. I have written a few things on this forum, and have included a few links. If you want to go in further depth, look at my posts……or not. To address the post about CBD and Sleep, here is an extract from a similar post: ”Using CBD as a sleep aid is a “movement” magnified on social media. Because it has anti-anxiety effects it has been co-opted as a sleep aid and this is the furthest thing from the truth. It has more placebo inducing sleep effect than the CBD itself. It is NOT a sleep aid. The anti-anxiety effect only works in the presence of THC. CBD modulates all the effects of THC, not being able to bind to Endocannabinoid receptors on its own. ” Required strength CBD oil for a good night sleep CBD products don't ease pain and are potentially harmful, study finds Required strength CBD oil for a good night sleep cont.

Epidiolex https://www.epidiolex.com/epidiolex-results

Are you smoking said oil? Yes? Do NOT add flavorings. If you are ingesting it, do as you please. Perhaps I should have prefaced my post….. re: smoking/vaping It was you, actually, that referred to “extract concentrates”. This implies smoking.

Most monoterpenes will volatilize in ‘home’ decarboxylation due to low molecular weight of these compounds. Regardless of popular thought, here in this forum, the home decarber can do little to preserve these aroma chemicals - VOC’s (Volatile Organic Compounds). Once they volatilize (come out of solution), you can’t trap them and get them back in. Lol. Lid or no lid. It’s a little more than avoiding boiling points of terpenes. Thermal and oxidative degradation occurs way below the boiling points of mono/sesquiterpenes and is unavoidable in an uncontrolled home setup. Sorry. While it is true that most extracts destined for smoking (dab, shatter, butter, rosin, vape carts, et al.) have terpenes added back in, like limonene, myrcene or a ‘proprietary’ terpene profile mix, you should NOT add flavoring agents. This is quite risky. Any “flavors” that are ethanol based (vanilla, mint, almond, etc) will convert to acetalaldehyde which is carcinogenic upon thermal decomposition. Sweet and buttery flavors degrade to acetoin and diacetyl. When vaped/combusted can cause irreversible lung damage: bronchiolitis obliterans (popcorn lung). Fruit and ‘sugary’ flavorings break down into benzene (a known carcinogen), acrolein and formaldehyde. Please do not add flavorings to your DIY vape products. I am sure there will be an outpouring of responses disagreeing with me, because “you” have never heard of anyone that has developed a problem. You’re entitled to your opinion but not your own facts. Another PSA (Public Service Announcement) from yours truly.

PGR’s (Plant Growth Regulators) are considered MRL type 1 (Minimum Residue Limit - category I) and are tested for in all established legal markets (USA, Canada, Uruguay(?)) For testing purposes, they are categorized with the worst of pesticides - 0 tolerance limits or more precisely LOD, limits of detection. I am familiar with most of them as they come directly from the ornamental horticulture/floriculture industry where they are still used. They crossed over to cannabis around 2012 and we trialed several of them in Colorado for companies that were repackaging them from the floriculture space, in particular: chrysanthemum and poinsettia, both short day, photoperiod plant. We worked with: paclobutrazol, benzyladenine, daminozide and Chlormequat. Some of you old timey growers, like myself, may remember them under their marketing names: Gravity, Bushmaster, phosphoload, topload etc. They were quickly labeled toxic (some carcinogenic) and not allowed to enter the legal cannabis stream. My experience: They were ALL designed to be used (in cannabis), at super low concentrations, one application, for limiting stretch when flipping to 12/12 in flower. In fact, they stopped the plant stretch dead in its tracks. If you flipped a plant that was say 45 cm, it finished 8-9 weeks later at 45 cm. This has devolved today (in black/grey markets) to applying higher concentrations creating short plants with many, many flowering nodes that bulk up and create dense flowers, as their is little plant biomass to support, other than lots of flowers. I do not agree with most posters on this forum that dense bud is PGR bud. Genetics will ALWAYS dictate leaf to calyx ratio. Leafy bud is, to me, NOT an indication that PGR’s were not used, and conversely, dense bud is NOT an indication that PGR’s were used. We just grew out Strawberry Guava 2.0 and White Truffle. Super hard, dense buds, very little leaf material. Some here would be quick to say “PGR”. The AI generated cut and paste list (above) of perceived PGR characteristics is highly inaccurate and extremely misleading. I have not revisited PGR’s since 2012 because, they are illegal to use and most importantly, completely unnecessary. We find stretch is controllable through temperature, light spectrum and minimizing nitrogen and phosphorous in the critical stretch. The goal is to maintain short distance between flowering sites (internodal distance). Perceived smells, flavors, headaches, etc. is, in my opinion, an affectation to the perception of PGR’s, but again, is not an area of my research, having left it behind some 12 years ago. I do NOT suspect it is as prevalent (pgr usage) as some believe it is. To conclude with my soapbox topic: there is NO testing for PGR’s, pesticides, mycotoxins or anything nasty to your health, here in Thailand. This also goes for THC and terpenes - two more reported “myths” here. The limited testing labs that are here are dubious at best and show wildly inconsistent results. For those smokers that are concerned, buy from a grower you know, trust. One that you have a direct relationship with, that is open to discuss their growing practices. Lastly, please let everyone know that this post is “OFF TOPIC” and belongs somewhere else. LOL

There are several reasons: 1. Terpenes, especially monoterpenes are extremely volatile and have low boiling points: 110-160C. They begin to volatilize in drying/curing, and are the first to “go”. Outside of lab technique, extended dry heating (decarboxylation time/temp curve) or heating in fat (especially at the 4 hr mention in the above post) will assure terpene evaporation. 2. Degradation. Even at temperatures below the decarboxylation curve, there is oxidation of both C10 and C15 terpenes (mono/sesquiterpenes). Because of this oxidative (and some enzymatic) degradation, the low molecular weight odor compounds are destroyed. 3. Dissolving in ethanol (winterizing/chlorophyll mitigation) will dissolve all terpenes and cannabinoids. Evaporating off the ethanol leaves only the cannabinoids (i.e. THC, CBD, etc.) remaining (higher BP). Mostly all terpenes are lost. 4. Lack of a controlled environment will almost assure you of terpene loss. Uniform drying, grinding, even surface area and even time/temp curve in a calibrated, oven or, as mentioned, a “prosumer decarboxylation device” will minimize terpene loss. Decarboxylating in a glass reactor, closed loop vacuum, at the lowest temperature is a common way of preserving terpenes - commercially. A vacuum lowers the boiling point (BP) considerably, facilitating terpene preservation. See attached photo. Extraction of fresh frozen flower, in ethanol/hydrocarbon and then decarbing in a vacuum glass reactor is the current standard for terpene preservation and whole plant ‘goodness’. “Live Rosin” - extraction of fresh frozen flower is the current de facto standard in vape extracts and DAB. This is the best and current standard for terpene preservation. It is, however, decarboxylated at the time of combustion THCa ——>THC and would not be suitable for edibles. Yes, this is industry standard. Putting the extract/oil through vacuum decarboxylation will preserve terpenes and increase yield.

12.3% to be exact, but remember, this is in a closed loop lab environment not in a home toaster oven. You can expect about 80% of your starting CBD or THC coming out of decarboxylation. Effectively, a 20% loss or more should be expected, and an additional loss if you are further extracting your decarboxylated weed into a fat carrier (MCT, butter, oil, etc.) As mentioned, in one of my previous run-on’s, all your terpenes are lost in whatever time/temp decarb setting you use outside of lab extraction. Only cannabinoids will come through.

How can you be so sure of your flower Thc levels but so skeptical of your extract levels? Dont get me wrong @stoner I’m in agreement with you about lab testing. I’ve been beholden to lab testing for 10 years. I know quite well what the deal is. in a country like Thailand, where there is NO mandatory THC or product health/safety testing, what’s the point to argue? Don’t you think weed stores are just citing the THC levels advertised from the seeds the flower is grown from? There’s the biggest lie of all. Touting your own extract to be of a higher THC percentage than lab reported, in a country where there is NO testing, just seems like a waste of bandwidth. p.s. those portable units for in-house testing are absolute garbage. We’ve put several through trials: all inconsistent with no two results ever being the same. There is a reason why they can’t be used for testing/labeling in the US and Canada. I just stated the obvious reason.

Perfectly safe if you don’t have any Rx interactions, are not on prescription enzymes, have liver issues or suffer from IBS. High percentage CBD ingestion or chronic/constant ingestion can cause diarrhea, fatigue, nausea, dry mouth, reduced appetite, irritability, liver dysfunction, decreased male fertility and blood thinning. ”Safe” is relative and phrases like ‘very, very effective’ have been widely disproven. Consider my post a PSA (public service announcement) to counter mis/dis-information, bro-science and all around nonsense.

The bigger concern is who is consuming heavy metal laden weed. I’m fairly certain by most responses I’ve read here, in this thread, and on the forum, in particular to, pesticides, mold and mycotoxins, is an overwhelming lack of concern or venomous response to any and all negative information to cannabis. How about if you are a prescription medical user? Should you start being concerned now? Thailand has no mandatory testing for safety or quality control of cannabis. Keep reading for a little background first….or just skip to “cheap weed but looks good post” LOL. You are correct, cannabis is a hyperaccumulator plant (amongst others), up-taking heavy metals from soil, water and nutrients. These heavy metals are stored in vacuoles (organelles) in the leaves and flowers. Cadmium in particular. It (cannabis/hemp) has been used in soil remediation for quite some time. Several hundred hectares were planted in the Chernobyl exclusion zone to mitigate the soil. The plants were then uprooted and treated as nuclear waste. The top four elements/metals of concern to cannabis smokers are: Lead, Cadmium, Arsenic and Mercury (Pb, Cd, As, Hg). A study conducted over 10 years showed that 7,200 cannabis smokers showed elevated levels of cadmium and lead + 22% and 27% respectively. The FDA and USP has defined 12 elemental contaminants. The top four: lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury are the bare minimum standard in the USA and Canada for mandatory testing for cannabis flower, concentrates and edibles. They constitute known neurotoxins, carcinogens or endocrine disrupters. Some states test for more. For example, California tests for: 68 pesticides, 20 solvents, 6 microbes, 5 mycotoxins and 4 heavy metals previously stated. Some states will perform an 8 element assay, to include: chromium, copper, nickel and aluminum or other trace elements. To be clear, cannabis products that do not pass heavy metal, pesticide, mycotoxin and residual solvent are destroyed and do not enter the seed-to-sale stream. And, just to make it a little frustrating: many of these heavy metals are needed for healthy growth of cannabis - in trace amounts of course. Aluminum is NOT a trace metal needed for cannabis growth but it is accumulated and I use it as an example. Aluminum is the 3rd most abundant element in the earth - about 8%. And bound to silica, as in aluminum silicate and that makes up 50% of the earths crust. Do I need to mention aluminum is considered a heavy metal in toxicity testing? So, now it’s about acceptable levels federally and on the state level, of how many ppbs/ppms of aluminum are acceptable. Safety is political. If cannabis is grown hydroponically, indoors, the potential of heavy metal accumulation is through the nutrients and water it is fed and not the substrate. If grown outdoors, hyperaccumulation is through the soil, the nutrients, water supply and the environment. Pesticides (herbicides & fungicides), are the largest category of contaminants in cannabis, followed by solvents then mycotoxins contaminants. Heavy metals, as evidenced by the above mentioned study is certainly alarming. Even though ‘you never heard of anyone who suffered from any of these contaminants’ does not mean they do not exist or constitute a health/safety concern. The take away: Thailand was ranked 6th among the top 10 countries in pesticide usage, less than 10 years ago. It now ranks 3rd of 15 Asian nations in pesticide usage. Thailand continues to use glyphosates, chlopyrifos and paraquat as well as way too numerous pesticides to mention here. That should be the number one concern to all cannabis users here, in Thailand, be it expat or tourist. Though, these chemicals ‘might’ not be used in indoor CEA/hydroponic growing, be assured they are used in greenhouses and outdoors throughout the country. There is no mandatory testing in Thailand of cannabis for anything: heavy metals, THC, pesticides, toxins, mold, etc. This is the greater concern, part-and-parcel of heavy metal accumulation in cannabis. If cannabis is to remain a viable industry in Thailand (and I highly doubt that it will remain) it needs to be regulated at the health and safety level. Imagine if the consumer base demanded proof of terms like: “organic”, “30% THC”, and “pesticide free”? There would be a whole new market!

That is correct, the THC percentage as well as other cannabinoids will be lower. Just mentioning facts. There is a reason why all ‘batch harvests’ in the USA and Canada are tested for myco, molds and pesticides before selling to the consumer base. Not hearing about something does not give any of us plausible deniability. Just don’t say you have never been told. Respiratory issues due to inhaling myco/mold through combustion or vaping weed is quite documented, just not in markets with no obligation to testing. That is also correct. To make matters worse, the seeds you are buying, if not bred out to have consistent traits of the crosses (male/female traits of the parent line), will have wild phenotype expression - traits of both lineages expressed in the seeds. In other words, plant 6 seeds and get 4 (or more ) completely different plants. This is usually of no concern to the hobby grower but is of little benefit to a commercial grower at any scale. Cannabis is commoditized in a free market based on THC content. This is somewhat unfortunate as most of us here know weed is much, much more than just THC percentages. “Hunting” for the best weed at the best price, as per this thread, is usually a “one off”, never to be found again, trial and error game. This thread is quite popular and I have found it humorous and entertaining. It is however, NOT enlightening by any stretch of the imagination.