https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5920433/
"Previous studies have identified a marked association between particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) exposure and increased incidence of pulmonary diseases (1). ... PM2.5 comprises a mixture of solid and liquid particles, including black carbon, metals, nitrate, sulfate, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and automobile exhaust particles (4).
It has also been indicated that PM2.5 may trigger asthma, chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) and lung cancer through the activation of various signaling pathways, ... A European cohort study indicated that PM2.5 exposure increased the risk of lung cancer, particularly lung adenocarcinoma (12). .. "
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https://oem.bmj.com/content/61/10/799
"While many uncertainties remain, it appears plausible that known chemical carcinogens are responsible for the lung cancers attributed to PM2.5 exposure in the extended ACS Cohort Study. However, the possibility should not be ruled out that particulate matter is capable of causing lung cancer independent of the presence of known carcinogens. ... "
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https://www.esmo.org/newsroom/press-releases/scientists-discover-how-air-pollution-may-trigger-lung-cancer-in-never-smokers
"A new mechanism has been identified through which very small pollutant particles in the air may trigger lung cancer in people who have never smoked, paving the way to new prevention approaches and development of therapies, according to late-breaking data [to be] reported at the ESMO Congress 2022 by scientists of the Francis Crick Institute and University College London, funded by Cancer Research UK (1). The particles, which are typically found in vehicle exhaust and smoke from fossil fuels, are associated with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) risk, accounting for over 250,000 lung cancer deaths globally per year (2,3)."