The COSMOS studies are interesting, but the effect was small and doesn’t prove everyone needs a multivitamin. If you already meet your nutritional needs, more isn’t automatically better. Ideally you supplement what you’re actually lacking. Vitamins and minerals also interact, and some can compete for absorption, especially at higher doses. What vitamins you need also depend on your lifestyle, diet, exercise regime, climate, age, and individual needs. The funny thing about the study, or call it interesting, is that they do not know exactly what caused the positive results. The improvements were statistically significant, but small, and they have not shown that they actually translate into a meaningful long term difference, such as reducing dementia or mild cognitive impairment.
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