Papaya fruits rapidly, though it has a comparatively weak rooting system, so be careful where you plant them, they can get washed away at this time of year.
Guava, as you already know, fruits quickly. Cover the developing fruit on the tree in either paper or plastic bags to keep the insects off.
In addition to the two above, we commercially grow dragon fruit, banana, mulberries and lemons all in poor stoney fast draining soil. Soil which I have gradually improved over the years with a steady supply of cow manure from a nearby dairy farm but it's a lifetime's work, I suspect.
For our own consumption, we also grow mango, limes, blackberries (yes, seriously), sour sop, melon and, my pet project at the moment, lychee (I have to see how this pans out).