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The Term หลัก


Xangsamhua

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Trivial question, I know, but I've been wondering how far a หลัก was before the term was used for a kilometre.

Presumably, as a หลัก predated a kilometre it specified a unit of distance other than a kilometre.

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หลัก doesn't really mean "kilometer" -- it's just clipped from หลักกิโล "kilometer marker". The หลัก part refers to the marker, not the distance. So if someone says to drive 5 หลัก further down the road, they're saying drive five markers, which happen to be spaced one kilometer apart each. Similarly หลักไมล์ = "mile marker, milestone".

หลัก has basically had this same meaning for at least a century and a half. The oldest easily checked source is the Jones Thai-English dictionary (circa. 1840), which gives this definition:

หลัก, หลักปัก A support, a post for fastening things

Bradley Thai-Thai (1873) says:

หลัก, คือไม้ใหญ่เล็กที่เขาปักลงไว้สำรับผูกเรือฤๅแพเปนต้น. อย่างหนึ่งปักไว้ที่เขตรแดน. (page 619)

Rough translation:

หลัก, a post that is planted in the ground for tying up boats or rafts, etc. One kind is posted at land boundaries.

Bradley also has sub-entries for many types of หลัก, most of which are some type of post or pole used to support something, or else a metaphorical extension of support, or of planting something firmly in place.

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หลัก doesn't really mean "kilometer" -- it's just clipped from หลักกิโล "kilometer marker". The หลัก part refers to the marker, not the distance. So if someone says to drive 5 หลัก further down the road, they're saying drive five markers, which happen to be spaced one kilometer apart each. Similarly หลักไมล์ = "mile marker, milestone".

หลัก has basically had this same meaning for at least a century and a half. The oldest easily checked source is the Jones Thai-English dictionary (circa. 1840), which gives this definition:

หลัก, หลักปัก A support, a post for fastening things

Bradley Thai-Thai (1873) says:

หลัก, คือไม้ใหญ่เล็กที่เขาปักลงไว้สำรับผูกเรือฤๅแพเปนต้น. อย่างหนึ่งปักไว้ที่เขตรแดน. (page 619)

Rough translation:

หลัก, a post that is planted in the ground for tying up boats or rafts, etc. One kind is posted at land boundaries.

Bradley also has sub-entries for many types of หลัก, most of which are some type of post or pole used to support something, or else a metaphorical extension of support, or of planting something firmly in place.

Thank you, Rikker, for your helpful response.

However, although หลัก may be a marker of distance I was wondering what the distance was that was being marked. I used to work at a college located at หลักเก้า which was nine kilometres from the city (Vientiane), but that was a recent innovation. The college was built by the French and they introduced the metric system. However, if I think of หลักสี่, near Don Mueang, that is much more than four kilometres from the city, so I was wondering what measures of distance were used in Thailand/Siam before kilometres were established, and therefore what หลัก represented. I asked the wrong question, confusing the term for marker with the actual distance being marked. :)

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This is a roundabout way of answering your question, but I think it's an interesting sidetrack.

On the name of หลักสี่, from Thai Wikipedia:

ในสมัยพระบาทสมเด็จพระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว มีการขุดคลองต่าง ๆ เพื่อเป็นทางลัดสู่จังหวัดต่าง ๆ ที่อยู่รอบนอกพระนคร โดยจะกำหนดหลักบอกระยะทางของคลองที่ขุดทุกระยะ 100 เส้น หนึ่งในคลองเหล่านั้นก็ได้แก่ คลองเปรมประชากร ซึ่งขุดเชื่อมไปยังอำเภอบางปะอิน จังหวัดพระนครศรีอยุธยา ชุมชนที่ตั้งอยู่ที่หลักบอกระยะที่ 4 ของคลองนี้ จึงมีชื่อเรียกว่า "บ้านหลักสี่" ซึ่งชื่อหลักสี่นี้ ได้นำมาใช้เป็นชื่อสถานที่อื่น ๆ ในบริเวณนั้นอีก คือ วัดหลักสี่ สถานีรถไฟหลักสี่ และสี่แยกหลักสี่ (จุดตัดระหว่างถนนวิภาวดีรังสิตและถนนแจ้งวัฒนะ)
During the reign of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V), various canals were dug as shortcuts to the provinces surrounding the capital. Along these canals, a marker was installed at intervals of 100 sen (เส้น). One of these canals was Khlong Prem Prachakon (คลองเปรมประชากร), which was dug to connect Bangkok with Bang Pa-in and Ayudhaya. The community that grew up near the fourth marker of this canal came to be called Ban Lak Si (บ้านหลักสี่). Starting from that point, Lak Si began to appear in the names of other sites in the area, such as Wat Lak Si, Lak Si Train Station, and Lak Si Intersection (the intersection of Vipavadi Rangsit and Chaeng Watthana Roads).

This tells you that the unit between each หลัก during the Rama V era was 100 เส้น. One เส้น is equal to 20 วา wa. So 100 เส้น = 2000 วา = 4000 meters, or 4 kilometers.

The modern วา is exactly 2 meters, and today is still commonly used to measure land area (as ตารางวา, square wa).

Traditional measures like the วา were not standardized until the Units of Measure Act of 1923 (PDF), however the relationship between them remained the same.

This is by no means complete, but here are the basics:

4 กระเบียด = 1 นิ้ว (one "finger" -- note that นิ้ว now denotes a western inch, but the traditional Thai unit is smaller)

12 นิ้ว = 1 คืบ (or one handspan -- distance from pinky to thumb with fingers extended)

2 คืบ = 1 ศอก (roughly equivalent to a cubit -- distance from middle finger to elbow, or possibly just the forearm)

4 ศอก = 1 วา

20 วา = 1 เส้น

400 เส้น = 1 โยชน์

Under the now standard system, these units can all be related to the metric system:

กระเบียด = 0.52 centimeters

นิ้ว = 2.083 centimeters

คืบ = 25 centimeters, or 0.25 meters

ศอก = 0.5 meters

วา = 2 meters

เส้น = 40 meters

โยชน์ = 16,000 meters, or 16 kilometers

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And by the way, if you measure from the beginning of คลองเปรมประชากร to วัดหลักสี่, it's pretty close to 16 kilometers, which matches the rough count of 4 km per หลัก.

(You can check it out on Google Maps. It reports 16.5 km, but notice the detour where there's no road that parallels the canal.)

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