Ghostly particles give scientists new understanding of universe

[webfact]

Ghostly particles give scientists new understanding of universe

By Will Dunham

 

Artist's impression of the active galactic nucleus shows the supermassive black hole at the center of the accretion disk sending a narrow high-energy jet of matter into space, perpendicular to the disc in this image by Science Communication Lab in Kiel Germany, released on July 12, 2018. Courtesy DESY, Science Communication Lab/Handout via REUTERS

 

WASHINGTON (Reuters) - A breakthrough in the study of ghostly particles called high-energy neutrinos that traverse space, zipping unimpeded through people, planets and whole galaxies, is giving scientists an audacious new way to expand our understanding of the cosmos.

 

Researchers on Thursday said they have for the first time located a deep-space source for these ubiquitous subatomic particles. They detected high-energy neutrinos in pristine ice deep below Antarctica's surface, then traced their source back to a giant elliptical galaxy with a massive, rapidly spinning black hole at its core, called a blazar, located 3.7 billion light years from Earth in the Orion constellation.

 

The key observations were made at the IceCube Neutrino Observatory at a U.S. scientific research station at the South Pole and then confirmed by land-based and orbiting telescopes.

 

Astronomers long have relied upon electromagnetic observations - studying light - but this approach has limitations because too many aspects of the universe are indecipherable using light alone.

 

The ability to use particles like high-energy neutrinos in astronomy enables a more robust examination, much as the confirmation of ripples in the fabric of space-time called gravitational waves, announced in 2016, opened another new frontier in astronomy. This emerging field is dubbed "multi-messenger astrophysics."

 

"Neutrinos provide us with a new window with which to view the universe," said University of Alberta physicist Darren Grant, spokesman for the IceCube scientific collaboration. "In many ways neutrinos are nature's ideal astronomical messenger. They can essentially escape their site of production and bring that information directly across the cosmos to their point of detection."

 

The findings solve a mystery dating to 1912 over the source of subatomic particles like neutrinos and cosmic rays that dash through the cosmos. It appears they arise from some of the universe's most violent locales.

 

'SWIMMING IN NEUTRINOS'

"One hundred billion neutrinos go through your thumbnail every second, but in all likelihood not a single one of them will ever hit an atom of your thumb in your lifetime," said Penn State physicist Doug Cowen, another of the researchers. "It is accurate to say that we are all swimming in neutrinos."

 

High-energy neutrinos are produced by the same sources as cosmic rays, the highest-energy particles ever observed, but differ in a key respect, said University of Wisconsin physicist and IceCube Neutrino Observatory lead scientist Francis Halzen.

 

As charged particles, cosmic rays cannot be traced straight back to their source because strong magnetic fields in space alter their trajectory.

 

Neutrinos are electrically neutral, undisturbed by even the strongest magnetic field, and rarely interact with matter, earning the nickname "ghost particle." The direction from which they arrive points directly back to their original source.

 

The IceCube neutrino detector involves 86 holes drilled 8,200 feet (2,500 meters) into the Antarctic ice. Some 5,160 light sensors register small flashes of light produced during rare instances when a neutrino collides with an atomic nucleus in the transparent ice. The key detection came on Sept. 22, 2017, with the neutrino ultimately traced back to the blazar.

 

Scientists then determined that other neutrinos earlier detected by IceCube originated from the same source.

 

Not all neutrinos are the high-energy variety. Lower-energy neutrinos, for example, are produced prolifically in the fusion processes of stars like our sun.

 

Blazars are probably not the only sources for high-energy neutrinos or high-energy cosmic rays, Grant said, mentioning other objects and phenomena like galactic nuclei, quasars, gamma ray bursts and some types of stellar explosions called supernovas.

 

The U.S. National Science Foundation-supported research was published in the journal Science.

 

(Reporting by Will Dunham; Editing by Susan Thomas)

 

-- © Copyright Reuters 2018-07-13

[BoganInParasite]

Since retiring and moving to Thailand I've finally had the time to indulge in reading astronomy and quantum mechanics articles. So much to learn and discover at the big and minute ends of the scientific spectrum.

[TKDfella]

21 minutes ago, BoganInParasite said:

Since retiring and moving to Thailand I've finally had the time to indulge in reading astronomy and quantum mechanics articles. So much to learn and discover at the big and minute ends of the scientific spectrum.

Just curious BoganinParasite; do you have some kind of scientific background (say technician, lab worker etc.)? Just the 'popular science' articles or do you like the more in depth with some maths involved.

[Skeptic7]

In the words of Mr. Spock..."fascinating"

[ballpoint]

3 hours ago, BoganInParasite said:

Since retiring and moving to Thailand I've finally had the time to indulge in reading astronomy and quantum mechanics articles. So much to learn and discover at the big and minute ends of the scientific spectrum.

There are some good Royal Institution talks on their YouTube channel, which normally include the lecture and the Q&A session as separate videos. 

https://www.youtube.com/user/TheRoyalInstitution/videos

 

Including this one on neutrinos...

 

[RickBradford]

Quote

 the supermassive black hole at the center of the accretion disk sending a narrow high-energy jet of matter into space

Surely, the point of a black hole is that nothing can escape from it, much less a "jet of matter".

 

Even quantum tunnelling, Hawking radiation, wouldn't create something looking like a truck's headlights...

[ExpatOilWorker]

4 hours ago, BoganInParasite said:

Since retiring and moving to Thailand I've finally had the time to indulge in reading astronomy and quantum mechanics articles. So much to learn and discover at the big and minute ends of the scientific spectrum.

You can down load courses like these on TPB, facinating stuff.

 

https://www.thegreatcourses.com/courses/the-higgs-boson-and-beyond.html

 

https://www.thegreatcourses.com/courses/the-theory-of-everything-the-quest-to-explain-all-reality.html

Edited July 13, 2018 by ExpatOilWorker

[ExpatOilWorker]

13 minutes ago, RickBradford said:

Surely, the point of a black hole is that nothing can escape from it, much less a "jet of matter".

 

Even quantum tunnelling, Hawking radiation, wouldn't create something looking like a truck's headlights...

 The ray is not emitted from inside the black hole but jetted out of the vortex generated at the poles when matter is rotated and sucked toward the black hole.

 

Imagine a ballerina pulling her arms in and rotating so fast that her head explode and she pisses herself.

Edited July 13, 2018 by ExpatOilWorker

[KhunFred]

Too deep for me. I am more the Arts and Letters type. I envy those with math and science proficiency.

[RickBradford]

27 minutes ago, ExpatOilWorker said:

 The ray is not emitted from inside the black hole but jetted out of the vortex generated at the poles when matter is rotated and sucked toward the black hole.

 

Imagine a ballerina pulling her arms in and rotating so fast that her head explode and she pisses herself.

Your explanation makes everything clear, thank you.

 

Though I doubt I will ever be able to go to watch the Bolshoi with equanimity again.

[TKDfella]

35 minutes ago, RickBradford said:

Surely, the point of a black hole is that nothing can escape from it, much less a "jet of matter".

 

Even quantum tunnelling, Hawking radiation, wouldn't create something looking like a truck's headlights...

The 'jets' are supposedly formed by matter that has reached a point just outside the black hole. As the accretion disk material gets closer to the event horizon (beyond which nothing can escape) it could form a spiral and would now be moving at relativistic speeds. 'Collisions' within this matter vortex produce the jets which move close to the speed of light and can escape being pulled across the event horizon. Since gamma rays move at the speed of light and neutrinos close to the speed of light they 'shoot out into space. Well, that's a simple version anyway, Ha!

[ballpoint]

This is the NSF press conference for the discovery. It gives a good background in the working of the IceCube Observatory, and the significance of these findings.

 

 

And a more "concentrated" one from NASA:

 

 

[tryasimight]

3 hours ago, ExpatOilWorker said:

 The ray is not emitted from inside the black hole but jetted out of the vortex generated at the poles when matter is rotated and sucked toward the black hole.

 

Imagine a ballerina pulling her arms in and rotating so fast that her head explode and she pisses herself.

I'm still coming to terms with Lub you long time and grappling with the bar fine phenomena

A non charged particle created by the collision of two other sub atomic particles is a bridge too far at the moment.

[scorecard]

22 hours ago, KhunFred said:

Too deep for me. I am more the Arts and Letters type. I envy those with math and science proficiency.

Cooking is a science too.