China’s Military Expansion and America’s Defense Deficiency

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As geopolitical tensions rise, there is growing concern that the United States may be unprepared to face a significant military challenge from China. Although much of the discourse in Washington has focused on China’s economic struggles—such as high youth unemployment, an aging population, and slow economic growth—these issues have not hindered Beijing’s ability to ramp up its defense capabilities. While some believe that China’s military might is exaggerated, the reality tells a different story. China's defense industrial base is rapidly expanding, and the country has taken a wartime stance in its production of weapons and military technology.

 

Despite its economic challenges, China has been making remarkable progress in the development and production of sophisticated military hardware. Over the past few years, China has outpaced the U.S. in several critical areas, including shipbuilding and missile production. It has become the world’s largest shipbuilder, with production capacity 230 times larger than that of the United States. Between 2021 and early 2024, China’s defense industry produced over 400 modern fighter aircraft, more than 20 warships, and doubled its missile and nuclear warhead inventories. The pace at which China is acquiring weapons systems is five to six times faster than the United States. Admiral John Aquilino, former commander of U.S. Indo-Pacific Command, has described China’s military buildup as “the most extensive and rapid since World War II.”

 

 

At the heart of China’s defense strategy is President Xi Jinping’s vision of creating a world-class military to fulfill his goal of the "great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation." State-owned enterprises have been key players in building China’s military capacity, with companies like Aviation Industry Corporation of China and China State Shipbuilding now ranking among the largest defense companies in the world. In just over a decade, Chinese firms have gone from being absent in global defense rankings to becoming top competitors of U.S. defense giants like Lockheed Martin and Boeing.

 

One of the most striking examples of China's military advancements is its naval power. The People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) is now the largest in the world, supported by China’s vast shipbuilding infrastructure. China’s shipyards can produce warships, submarines, and other military vessels at a scale that far surpasses U.S. capacity. While the U.S. Navy still maintains an edge in some areas—such as firepower and advanced nuclear-powered submarines—China’s ability to produce ships rapidly gives it a potential advantage in a prolonged conflict.

 

In addition to naval advancements, China has been modernizing its air force and missile capabilities. Its Aviation Industry Corporation has doubled its production of fourth- and fifth-generation fighter jets in recent years and continues to improve the country’s drone technology and missile systems. China is also making strides in space technology, increasing its number of satellite launches and developing systems that can track and disrupt enemy assets in space.

 

While China continues its military expansion, the United States finds itself facing significant challenges in maintaining its defense superiority. The U.S. defense industrial base has atrophied over the years, lacking the flexibility and capacity needed to match China’s rapid growth. The current U.S. defense production system is better suited for peacetime operations, and crucial bottlenecks in munitions and equipment could leave the U.S. at a disadvantage in a protracted conflict, particularly in the Indo-Pacific region.

 

Despite these challenges, the United States has yet to take the necessary steps to overhaul its defense industry. To counter China’s growing threat, Washington needs to address labor shortages in critical sectors like shipbuilding, streamline its contracting and acquisition processes, and invest in new technologies. A presidential-led initiative, akin to Franklin Roosevelt’s World War II “arsenal of democracy” effort, may be required to revitalize America’s defense industry.

 

China’s defense buildup is a warning sign. To ensure its readiness for potential future conflicts, the United States must act quickly to rebuild its military capabilities and safeguard its position on the global stage.

 

Based on a report from Foreign Affairs 2024-10-05