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I am learning to read and write Thai using learning thai.com, on lesson 8 it's got me confused.

ม, น, ง, พ, ร, ช, ท, ว, ย, ล, ค are all low tone,

Then add ุ underneath.

ดุ ตุ บุ ปุ remain low tone

but ชุ ลุ พุ มุ ยุ turn into high tone

Why? and how do you remember which ones change.

Posted
ม, น, ง, พ, ร, ช, ท, ว, ย, ล, ค are all low tone

It's not that simple. They are not low tone, but low class consonants.

The class of the initial consonant in a syllable is just one factor influencing the tone. The classes high, mid and low do not correspond to the tones high mid and low.

In your case here:

High class/Mid class consonants + dead syllable + no tone mark = the syllable takes the low tone.

Low class consonants + short vowel sound + dead syllable + no tone mark = high tone.

You need to learn by heart which consonants are high, low and middle class. Then you need to remember the other characteristics that influence tone formation. Then you analyze the syllable according to these criteria, and from there you derive the tone.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language has an explanation and a table showing tone formation. It may seem daunting at first, but it covers all regular words, so it might be a good idea to print it and look at it now and then during your reading practice.

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<tr height=36 style='height:27.0pt'>

<td height=36 class=xl24 align=left width=380 style='height:27.0pt;

width:285pt'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>ค ฅ ฆ ง ช ซ ฌ ญ ฑ ฒ

ณ ท</td>

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<td width=312 style='width:234pt'></td>

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<td class=xl25 align=left>ก จ ฎ ฏ ด ต บ ป อ</td>

<td class=xl25 align=left>ข ฉ ถ ฐ ศ ษ ส ห ฝ ผ</td>

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<td height=17 class=xl26 align=left style='height:12.75pt'>Low</td>

<td class=xl26 align=left>Middle</td>

<td class=xl26 align=left>High</td>

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<tr height=123 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:92.25pt'>

<td height=123 class=xl27 width=380 style='height:92.25pt;width:285pt'>(1)

Syllables beginning with a low class consonant and having no tone mark take

the <font class="font7">Mid Tone</font><font class="font8"> unless they end

with K, P or T sounds or in a short vowel.</font></td>

<td class=xl27 width=295 style='width:221pt'>(1) Syllables beginning with a

middle class consonant and having no tone mark take the <font class="font7">Mid

Tone</font><font class="font8"> unless they end with K, P or T sounds or in a

short vowel.</font></td>

<td class=xl27 width=312 style='width:234pt'>(1) Syllables beginning with a

high class consonant and have no tone mark take the <font class="font7">Rising

Tone</font><font class="font8"> unless they end with K, P or T sounds or a

short open vowel.</font></td>

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<tr height=68 style='height:51.0pt'>

<td height=68 class=xl27 width=380 style='height:51.0pt;width:285pt'>(2)

Syllables beginning with a low class consonant and having no tone mark but

ending in <font class="font9">K</font><font class="font8">, </font><font

class="font9">P</font><font class="font8"> or </font><font class="font9">T</font><font

class="font8"> sounds, take:<span

style='mso-spacerun:yes'>

</span>The </font><font class="font7">falling tone</font><font class="font8">

if the </font><font class="font9">vowel</font><font class="font8"> is </font><font

class="font9">long.</font><font class="font8"><span

style='mso-spacerun:yes'>

</span>The </font><font class="font7">high tone</font><font class="font8"> if

the </font><font class="font9">vowel</font><font class="font8"> is short or

open</font></td>

<td class=xl27 width=295 style='width:221pt'>(2) Syllables beginning with a

middle class consonant and having no tone mark take the <font class="font7">Low

Tone</font><font class="font8"> if they end in </font><font class="font9">K,</font><font

class="font8"> </font><font class="font9">P</font><font class="font8"> or </font><font

class="font9">T</font><font class="font8"> sounds or with a </font><font

class="font9">short open vowel</font></td>

<td class=xl27 width=312 style='width:234pt'>2. Syllables beginning with a

high class consonant and having no tone mark take the <font class="font7">Low

Tone</font><font class="font8"> if they end in </font><font class="font9">K</font><font

class="font8">, </font><font class="font9">P</font><font class="font8"> or </font><font

class="font9">T</font><font class="font8"> sound or with a </font><font

class="font9">short open vowel</font><font class="font8">.</font></td>

</tr>

<tr height=92 style='height:69.0pt'>

<td height=92 class=xl27 width=380 style='height:69.0pt;width:285pt'>(4)

Syllables beginning with a low class consonant and having the tone mark MYAYK

<font class="font10"><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></font><font

class="font11">'</font><font class="font8"> over the initial consonant take

the </font><font class="font7">Falling Tone</font><font class="font9">.</font></td>

<td class=xl27 width=295 style='width:221pt'>(3) Syllables beginning with a

middle class consonant and having the tone mark MYAYK <font class="font12"><span

style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></font><font class="font11">'</font><font

class="font8"><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>over the initial

consonant take the </font><font class="font7">Low Tone.</font></td>

<td class=xl27 width=312 style='width:234pt'>3. Syllables beginning with a

high class consonant and having the tone mark MYAYK<font class="font13"> '</font><font

class="font8"> over the consonant take the </font><font class="font7">Low

Tone</font><font class="font8"> irrespective of ending.</font></td>

</tr>

<tr height=73 style='height:54.75pt'>

<td height=73 class=xl27 width=380 style='height:54.75pt;width:285pt'>(5)

Syllables beginning with a low class consonant and having the tone mark <font

class="font14"><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>้ </font><font

class="font8">over the initial consonant take the </font><font class="font7">High

Tone.</font></td>

<td class=xl27 width=295 style='width:221pt'>(4) Syllables beginning with a

middle class consonant and having the tone mark <font class="font15"><span

style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></font><font class="font8"><span

style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></font><font class="font14">้ </font><font

class="font8"><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>over the initial

consonant take the </font><font class="font7">Falling Tone.</font></td>

<td class=xl27 width=312 style='width:234pt'>4. Syllables beginning with a

high class consonant and having the tone mark <font class="font14"><span

style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>้</font><font class="font8"> over the

consonant take the </font><font class="font7">Falling Tone</font><font

class="font8"> irrespective of ending.</font></td>

</tr>

<tr height=87 style='height:65.25pt'>

<td height=87 class=xl28 style='height:65.25pt'></td>

<td class=xl27 width=295 style='width:221pt'>(5) Syllables beginning with a

middle class consonant and having the tone mark MYDTREE (<font class="font17">

-๊ </font><font class="font8">) over the initial consonant take the </font><font

class="font7">High Tone.</font><font class="font8"> There are very few of

these words.</font></td>

<td class=xl29></td>

</tr>

<tr height=103 style='height:77.25pt'>

<td height=103 style='height:77.25pt'></td>

<td class=xl27 width=295 style='width:221pt'>(6) Syllables beginning with a

middle class consonant and having the tone mark MYJUDTAWAH (<font

class="font17"> -๋ </font><font class="font8">) over the initial consonant

take the </font><font class="font7">Rising Tone.</font><font class="font8">

There are very few of these words.</font></td>

<td class=xl29></td>

</tr>

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<td colspan=3 height=126 class=xl31 align=left width=987 style='height:94.5pt;

width:740pt'>The short vowels for tonal purposes are<font class="font18"> </font><font

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