Is Earth round or flat ?

[rattlesnake]

12 minutes ago, richard_smith237 said:

 

Actually - thats exactly what refraction 'over water' can do... 

 

 

Key Principles of Refraction Over Water

 

Light Bending Due to Temperature Gradients

The atmosphere is not uniform; its density changes with altitude.

Over water, air near the surface is often cooler than the air above (especially in warm conditions). This creates a temperature gradient.

Light bends towards the denser (cooler) air, which means it curves downward, allowing us to see objects that would normally be below the geometric horizon.

 

Superior Mirage Effect

When the air near the surface is cooler than the air above, light rays bend downward, making distant objects appear higher than they actually are.

This is called a superior mirage, and it can make ships, landmasses, or even celestial bodies (like the sun) visible when they should be geometrically below the horizon.

 

Looming

A specific type of refraction where objects below the horizon appear lifted up.

This occurs when the temperature gradient is strong, and light follows a curved path, making the object visible despite being "hidden" by the Earth's curvature.

 

Ducting & Fata Morgana

In extreme cases, strong temperature inversions (where warm air sits above cool air) can trap light in a curved path, creating a "ducting" effect.

This can make objects appear stretched, distorted, or even duplicated.

 

Real-World Examples

Ships appearing to "float" above the horizon.

The sun setting later than expected.

Distant islands becoming visible in conditions of strong refraction.

 

 

This diagram below illustrates how refraction can make an object below the horizon visible. The curved light path (in orange) bends due to atmospheric refraction, allowing the observer to see the object that would normally be hidden.

 

 

The flaw in this argument is that if the visible Chicago skyline were really an illusion caused by refraction, then variations in temperature and atmospheric composition would result in proportionate changes to the apparent height of Chicago above or below the horizon, i.e. it would vary in appearance and sometimes not even be apparent at all.

However it is established and verifiable by anyone that the Chicago skyline remains fixed and visible from Grand Mere State Park, with no variations in appearance.

[rattlesnake]

5 minutes ago, Stiddle Mump said:

Wow!

 

Can see things 100 metres below the surface?! I'm getting an education on this curvy earth stuff..

 

There is an explanation for everything according to "science". The one test it fails, though, is the sensory test. When you think about it, it is a tricky balancing act to perpetually convince people that what is actually happening is the opposite of what their elementary senses are telling them.

[Stiddle Mump]

4 minutes ago, rattlesnake said:

 

There is an explanation for everything according to "science". The one test it fails, though, is the sensory test. When you think about it, it is a tricky balancing act to perpetually convince people that what is actually happening is the opposite of what their elementary senses are telling them.

Indeed Rattles.

 

Bit like when Groucho Marx's wife comes home and finds him in bed with his secretary. She storms out. Later they meet up and Groucho says; ''Nothing happened. Do you believe me or your own eyes?''